C1 English Nouns: Law, Politics & Conflict
This page begins our C1 nouns list with vocabulary crucial for understanding societal structures and events. It covers terms for Law, Justice & Crime like prosecution and testimony, words related to Politics & Governance such as referendum and coup, and nouns for Conflict, War & Security like massacre and warfare.
Jump to a section:
- Law, Justice & Crime
- Politics & Governance
- Conflict, War & Security
- Business, Finance & Economics
- Media, Arts & Communication
- Science, Technology & Research
- Health, Medicine & The Body
- People & Roles
- Objects, Materials & Structures
- Qualities, Traits & Emotions
- Processes, Changes & Actions
- Endings, Removal & Prevention
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- Standards, Performance & Measurement
Law, Justice & Crime
| Word | Example Sentence | IPA (UK) |
|---|---|---|
| abuse | The investigation uncovered systematic abuse of power within the regime.
Word Partners: abuse of power, child abuse, human rights abuse
|
/əˈbjuːs/ |
| accusation | The minister rejected the false accusation of corruption.
Word Partners: false accusation, make an accusation
|
/ˌækjuˈzeɪʃn/ |
| accused | The accused maintained their innocence throughout the trial. | /əˈkjuːzd/ |
| allegation | Parliament launched an inquiry into the serious allegation of misconduct.
Word Partners: serious allegation, make an allegation
|
/ˌæləˈɡeɪʃn/ |
| amendment | The constitutional amendment guaranteed freedom of speech.
Word Partners: constitutional amendment, propose an amendment
|
/əˈmendmənt/ |
| assault | The protesters faced charges of sexual assault.
Word Partners: physical assault, sexual assault
|
/əˈsɔːlt/ |
| bail | The magistrate granted bail despite prosecution objections.
Word Partners: grant bail, be released on bail
|
/beɪl/ |
| breach | The company was sued for breach of contract.
Word Partners: breach of contract
|
/briːtʃ/ |
| charter | The organisation adopted a charter outlining fundamental rights. | /ˈtʃɑːtə(r)/ |
| compliance | The audit revealed failures in regulatory compliance.
Word Partners: regulatory compliance
|
/kəmˈplaɪəns/ |
| confession | His confession brought relief. | /kənˈfeʃn/ |
| consent | The procedure required informed consent.
Word Partners: informed consent, give one's consent
|
/kənˈsent/ |
| conviction | The appeal court overturned the wrongful conviction.
Word Partners: wrongful conviction, criminal conviction
|
/kənˈvɪkʃn/ |
| copyright | The publisher held copyright on all published materials.
Word Partners: copyright infringement, hold the copyright on
|
/ˈkɒpiraɪt/ |
| corruption | The scandal exposed widespread political corruption.
Word Partners: political corruption, government corruption
|
/kəˈrʌpʃn/ |
| custody | The suspect remained in police custody pending trial.
Word Partners: police custody, in custody
|
/ˈkʌstədi/ |
| deed | The legal deed transferred ownership of the disputed territory. | /diːd/ |
| detention | Amnesty International condemned the indefinite detention without trial.
Word Partners: indefinite detention, unlawful detention
|
/dɪˈtenʃn/ |
| disclosure | Full disclosure was required by law. | /dɪsˈkləʊʒə(r)/ |
| discrimination | The legislation aimed to eliminate racial discrimination.
Word Partners: racial discrimination
|
/dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/ |
| dispute | The territorial dispute threatened to escalate into war.
Word Partners: territorial dispute, trade dispute
|
/dɪˈspjuːt/ |
| enforcement | The treaty lacked adequate mechanisms for law enforcement.
Word Partners: law enforcement
|
/ɪnˈfɔːsmənt/ |
| execution | The execution of the plan proceeded smoothly. | /ˌeksɪˈkjuːʃn/ |
| exploitation | The colonial exploitation of natural resources continued for decades. | /ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃn/ |
| felony | The defendant faced charges for a serious felony. | /ˈfeləni/ |
| harassment | The tribunal upheld the claim of sexual harassment.
Word Partners: sexual harassment
|
/həˈræsmənt/ |
| incarceration | The activist endured years of incarceration without trial. | /ɪnˌkɑːsəˈreɪʃn/ |
| indictment | The prosecutor issued an indictment for war crimes. | /ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/ |
| injustice | The verdict highlighted a profound injustice within the legal system. | /ɪnˈdʒʌstɪs/ |
| intent | The prosecution must prove criminal intent beyond reasonable doubt.
Word Partners: criminal intent
|
/ɪnˈtent/ |
| jurisdiction | The case fell outside the court's jurisdiction. | /ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn/ |
| lawsuit | The victims filed a lawsuit seeking substantial damages.
Word Partners: file a lawsuit
|
/ˈlɔːsuːt/ |
| legislation | Parliament passed legislation banning discriminatory practices.
Word Partners: pass legislation
|
/ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃn/ |
| liability | His lack of experience is a major liability in this job. | /ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ |
| patent | The firm secured a patent for its innovative design. | /ˈpeɪtnt/ |
| petition | Citizens organised a petition demanding electoral reform. | /pəˈtɪʃn/ |
| plea | The defendant entered a plea of not guilty.
Word Partners: enter a plea, a plea of
|
/pliː/ |
| precedent | The ruling set a legal precedent.
Word Partners: set a precedent
|
/ˈpresɪdənt/ |
| privilege | The aristocracy enjoyed enormous privilege under the old regime. | /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ/ |
| proceeding | Legal proceedings against the defendants began. | /prəˈsiːdɪŋ/ |
| prosecution | The prosecution presented overwhelming evidence of guilt. | /ˌprɒsɪˈkjuːʃn/ |
| rape | The tribunal prosecuted cases of systematic rape during the conflict. | /reɪp/ |
| settlement | Both parties reached a settlement. | /ˈsetlmənt/ |
| slavery | The constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude. | /ˈsleɪvəri/ |
| testimony | The witness provided damning testimony against the accused. | /ˈtestɪməni/ |
| torture | Psychological torture left lasting scars.
Word Partners: psychological torture
|
/ˈtɔːtʃə(r)/ |
| trademark | Attention to detail became her trademark. | /ˈtreɪdmɑːk/ |
| verdict | The jury delivered a verdict of guilty.
Word Partners: reach/deliver a verdict
|
/ˈvɜːdɪkt/ |
| violation | The report documented numerous human rights violations.
Word Partners: human rights violation
|
/ˌvaɪəˈleɪʃn/ |
| warrant | Police obtained a search warrant for the premises. | /ˈwɒrənt/ |
| wrongdoing | He has always denied any financial wrongdoing.
Word Partners: financial wrongdoing, deny any wrongdoing
|
/ˈrɒŋduːɪŋ/ |
Politics & Governance
| Word | Example Sentence | IPA (UK) |
|---|---|---|
| alliance | The nations forged a military alliance to counter the threat.
Word Partners: military alliance, strategic alliance, forge an alliance
|
/əˈlaɪəns/ |
| assembly | The national assembly convened to debate the emergency legislation. | /əˈsembli/ |
| asylum | Thousands fled across the border seeking political asylum.
Word Partners: political asylum, seek/grant asylum
|
/əˈsaɪləm/ |
| autonomy | Regional offices gained greater operational autonomy. | /ɔːˈtɒnəmi/ |
| ballot | Voters will cast a ballot in the upcoming election.
Word Partners: secret ballot, cast a ballot
|
/ˈbælət/ |
| bureaucracy | Critics argued that excessive bureaucracy hindered effective governance. | /bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi/ |
| cabinet | The prime minister reshuffled the cabinet following the election. | /ˈkæbɪnət/ |
| chamber | The upper chamber voted to reject the proposed reforms. | /ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)/ |
| citizenship | The new law granted citizenship to long-term residents. | /ˈsɪtɪznʃɪp/ |
| coalition | The parties formed a coalition government.
Word Partners: coalition government, form a coalition
|
/ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn/ |
| consensus | The parties struggled to reach a consensus on constitutional reform.
Word Partners: reach/achieve a consensus
|
/kənˈsensəs/ |
| constitution | The new constitution established a separation of powers. | /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃn/ |
| coup | The military coup overthrew the democratically elected government.
Word Partners: military coup, stage a coup
|
/kuː/ |
| declaration | The declaration of independence marked a historic turning point. | /ˌdekləˈreɪʃn/ |
| delegation | The trade delegation negotiated the terms of the agreement. | /ˌdelɪˈɡeɪʃn/ |
| embassy | Protesters gathered outside the embassy demanding diplomatic action. | /ˈembəsi/ |
| equality | The movement campaigned for racial equality and justice.
Word Partners: racial equality, gender equality
|
/iˈkwɒləti/ |
| exile | The dissident spent years in exile after fleeing the regime. | /ˈeksaɪl/ |
| faction | The ruling party split into rival factions. | /ˈfækʃn/ |
| governance | The report criticised failures in governance. | /ˈɡʌvənəns/ |
| homeland | Refugees dreamed of returning to their homeland. | /ˈhəʊmlænd/ |
| ideology | Their actions reflected a rigid ideology. | /ˌaɪdiˈɒlədʒi/ |
| inequality | The protest movement highlighted growing economic inequality. | /ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti/ |
| legislature | The legislature voted to override the presidential veto. | /ˈledʒɪsleɪtʃə(r)/ |
| liberation | The liberation of the occupied territories took years. | /ˌlɪbəˈreɪʃn/ |
| liberty | The constitution guaranteed freedom of expression and civil liberty.
Word Partners: civil liberty
|
/ˈlɪbəti/ |
| lobby | The environmental lobby pressured politicians to act. | /ˈlɒbi/ |
| mandate | The election victory provided a clear mandate for reform. | /ˈmændeɪt/ |
| ministry | The ministry announced troop deployments. | /ˈmɪnɪstri/ |
| nomination | The president's nomination for the post required Senate approval. | /ˌnɒmɪˈneɪʃn/ |
| poll | The polls predicted a narrow victory for the incumbent. | /pəʊl/ |
| presidency | The scandal threatened to undermine her presidency. | /ˈprezɪdənsi/ |
| province | The province demanded greater autonomy from central government. | /ˈprɒvɪns/ |
| rally | Thousands attended the opposition rally in the capital. | /ˈræli/ |
| referendum | The referendum on independence divided the population. | /ˌrefəˈrendəm/ |
| reform | The government promised sweeping reform. | /rɪˈfɔːm/ |
| regime | The authoritarian regime suppressed dissent violently. | /reɪˈʒiːm/ |
| reign | The monarch's reign witnessed significant constitutional change. | /reɪn/ |
| representation | The minority demanded greater political representation. | /ˌreprɪzenˈteɪʃn/ |
| republic | The country became a republic following the revolution. | /rɪˈpʌblɪk/ |
| sanction | The UN imposed economic sanctions against the regime.
Word Partners: impose sanctions, economic sanctions
|
/ˈsæŋkʃn/ |
| sovereignty | The treaty respected each nation's sovereignty. | /ˈsɒvrənti/ |
| summit | World leaders convened for a peace summit. | /ˈsʌmɪt/ |
| treaty | The peace treaty ended decades of conflict. | /ˈtriːti/ |
Conflict, War & Security
| Word | Example Sentence | IPA (UK) |
|---|---|---|
| aggression | The council condemned the act of aggression against neighbouring states.
Word Partners: act of aggression
|
/əˈɡreʃn/ |
| assassination | The assassination of the prime minister shocked the nation.
Word Partners: assassination attempt
|
/əˌsæsɪˈneɪʃn/ |
| atrocity | The tribunal investigated atrocities committed during the war. | /əˈtrɒsəti/ |
| battlefield | Archaeological evidence revealed the location of the ancient battlefield. | /ˈbætlfiːld/ |
| blast | The blast shattered windows across the district. | /blɑːst/ |
| casualty | The hospital treated numerous casualties from the bombing. | /ˈkæʒuəlti/ |
| clash | The demonstration ended in a personality clash between leaders.
Word Partners: personality clash
|
/klæʃ/ |
| combat | Troops were deployed for combat operations in the region. | /ˈkɒmbæt/ |
| confrontation | The confrontation threatened regional stability. | /ˌkɒnfrənˈteɪʃn/ |
| deployment | The deployment of peacekeeping forces stabilised the region. | /dɪˈplɔɪmənt/ |
| firearm | The legislation tightened restrictions on firearm ownership. | /ˈfaɪərɑːm/ |
| fleet | The fleet returned to port. | /fliːt/ |
| genocide | The tribunal prosecuted those responsible for genocide. | /ˈdʒenəsaɪd/ |
| guerrilla | Guerrilla fighters operated from mountain bases. | /ɡəˈrɪlə/ |
| hostage | The terrorists took hostages during the siege.
Word Partners: take hostages
|
/ˈhɒstɪdʒ/ |
| massacre | The massacre of civilians shocked the international community. | /ˈmæsəkə(r)/ |
| militia | Armed militias controlled large areas of the countryside. | /məˈlɪʃə/ |
| missile | A ballistic missile was launched from the silo.
Word Partners: ballistic missile, guided missile
|
/ˈmɪsaɪl/ |
| patrol | Military patrols enforced the curfew throughout the city. | /pəˈtrəʊl/ |
| raid | Police conducted a raid on the suspected terrorist hideout. | /reɪd/ |
| rebellion | The army crushed the rebellion brutally. | /rɪˈbeljən/ |
| resistance | The occupation encountered fierce resistance from locals. | /rɪˈzɪstəns/ |
| retreat | The army ordered a tactical retreat from the border. | /rɪˈtriːt/ |
| riot | The riot resulted in numerous arrests and injuries. | /ˈraɪət/ |
| squad | An elite squad conducted the hostage rescue operation. | /skwɒd/ |
| surveillance | The activist was placed under surveillance.
Word Partners: mass surveillance, under surveillance
|
/sɜːˈveɪləns/ |
| tactic | The tactic proved surprisingly effective. | /ˈtæktɪk/ |
| warfare | Modern warfare relied heavily on technology and intelligence. | /ˈwɔːfeə(r)/ |
