C1 English Nouns: Processes, Changes & Endings
This list focuses on nouns that describe dynamic actions and their conclusions. It includes vocabulary for Processes, Changes & Actions, featuring words like transition, succession, and surge, as well as nouns related to Endings, Removal & Prevention, such as abolition, crackdown, and dismissal.
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Processes, Changes & Actions
| Word | Example Sentence | IPA (UK) |
|---|---|---|
| accomplishment | Completing the research was a significant accomplishment.
Word Partners: significant accomplishment
|
/əˈkʌmplɪʃmənt/ |
| accumulation | The accumulation of wealth concentrated power in few hands. | /əˌkjuːmjəˈleɪʃn/ |
| activation | The activation process required several steps. | /ˌæktɪˈveɪʃn/ |
| adaptation | Cultural adaptation took considerable time for the new immigrants.
Word Partners: cultural adaptation
|
/ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/ |
| adjustment | The transition required a significant psychological adjustment.
Word Partners: psychological adjustment, make an adjustment
|
/əˈdʒʌstmənt/ |
| admission | His admission of failure demonstrated integrity. | /ədˈmɪʃn/ |
| adoption | The adoption of new practices proceeded slowly. | /əˈdɒpʃn/ |
| aftermath | In the aftermath of the crisis, new regulations were introduced.
Word Partners: in the aftermath
|
/ˈɑːftəmæθ/ |
| alignment | The company sought better alignment between strategy and execution. | /əˈlaɪnmənt/ |
| assertion | Her assertion proved correct. | /əˈsɜːʃn/ |
| attendance | Attendance at the rally exceeded expectations. | /əˈtendəns/ |
| backing | The rebel movement gained financial backing from abroad.
Word Partners: financial backing, political backing
|
/ˈbækɪŋ/ |
| blend | The wine was a careful blend of different varieties. | /blend/ |
| circulation | The magazine's circulation exceeded 100,000. | /ˌsɜːkjəˈleɪʃn/ |
| collision | The vehicles were involved in a head-on collision.
Word Partners: head-on collision
|
/kəˈlɪʒn/ |
| complication | Unforeseen complications delayed progress. | /ˌkɒmplɪˈkeɪʃn/ |
| conception | The conception of the project took months. | /kənˈsepʃn/ |
| consolidation | The consolidation of power took several years to achieve. | /kənˌsɒlɪˈdeɪʃn/ |
| contention | The main contention was that resources were insufficient. | /kənˈtenʃn/ |
| conversion | The conversion to digital formats proved challenging. | /kənˈvɜːʃn/ |
| correction | The stock market experienced a sharp correction. | /kəˈrekʃn/ |
| dawn | The troops launched their offensive at dawn. | /dɔːn/ |
| debut | The young actress made her debut on the London stage.
Word Partners: make one's debut
|
/ˈdeɪbjuː/ |
| descent | The conflict marked the nation's descent into civil war. | /dɪˈsent/ |
| disruption | The strike caused significant disruption to public services. | /dɪsˈrʌpʃn/ |
| echo | The policy was merely an echo of previous failed initiatives. | /ˈekəʊ/ |
| emergence | The emergence of new technologies transformed society. | /ɪˈmɜːdʒəns/ |
| endeavour | The project was an ambitious endeavour. | /ɪnˈdevə(r)/ |
| engagement | The strategy required sustained engagement with stakeholders. | /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt/ |
| feat | The achievement represented an extraordinary feat. | /fiːt/ |
| gathering | Police dispersed the illegal gathering in the square. | /ˈɡæðərɪŋ/ |
| glimpse | The trailer offered a tantalising glimpse of the film.
Word Partners: tantalising glimpse, brief glimpse
|
/ɡlɪmps/ |
| grip | She maintained a firm grip on reality. | /ɡrɪp/ |
| harvest | Farmers reaped the harvest before the rains came.
Word Partners: reap the harvest
|
/ˈhɑːvɪst/ |
| implementation | The successful implementation of the new system improved workflow.
Word Partners: successful implementation
|
/ˌɪmplɪmenˈteɪʃn/ |
| inclusion | The policy promoted greater inclusion of marginalised groups. | /ɪnˈkluːʒn/ |
| insertion | The genetic insertion modified the sequence. | /ɪnˈsɜːʃn/ |
| insult | His remarks added insult to injury.
Word Partners: add insult to injury
|
/ɪnˈsʌlt/ |
| integration | The integration process proved challenging. | /ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃn/ |
| interference | External interference disrupted the process. | /ˌɪntəˈfɪərəns/ |
| intervention | The military intervention violated international law.
Word Partners: military intervention, humanitarian intervention
|
/ˌɪntəˈvenʃn/ |
| involvement | The extent of his involvement remained unclear. | /ɪnˈvɒlvmənt/ |
| isolation | The experience brought feelings of profound isolation. | /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn/ |
| justification | The government offered no justification for the crackdown. | /ˌdʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ |
| leak | The media leak revealed confidential details.
Word Partners: media leak
|
/liːk/ |
| march | The coal miners' march brought a lot of attention to their strike. | /mɑːtʃ/ |
| migration | Economic factors drove migration patterns. | /maɪˈɡreɪʃn/ |
| mobility | Social mobility remained limited.
Word Partners: social mobility, upward mobility
|
/məʊˈbɪləti/ |
| modification | The plan required significant modification. | /ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ |
| objection | The opposition raised strong objections to the emergency powers.
Word Partners: raise/voice an objection
|
/əbˈdʒekʃn/ |
| occurrence | Such events were a rare occurrence.
Word Partners: rare occurrence, common occurrence
|
/əˈkʌrəns/ |
| outing | The family planned a weekend outing. | /ˈaʊtɪŋ/ |
| pledge | The president made a pledge to uphold democratic values.
Word Partners: make a pledge
|
/pledʒ/ |
| plunge | After months of deliberation, she finally decided to take the plunge.
Word Partners: take the plunge
|
/plʌndʒ/ |
| preservation | The treaty emphasised the preservation of territorial integrity. | /ˌprezəˈveɪʃn/ |
| proposition | The referendum put the proposition to a public vote. | /ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃn/ |
| quest | The quest for independence dominated political discourse. | /kwest/ |
| reconstruction | Post-war reconstruction required billions in investment. | /ˌriːkənˈstrʌkʃn/ |
| recruitment | The army intensified recruitment efforts. | /rɪˈkruːtmənt/ |
| refuge | Civilians sought refuge in neighbouring countries.
Word Partners: seek refuge, take refuge
|
/ˈrefjuːdʒ/ |
| reminder | The event served as a stark reminder.
Word Partners: stark reminder
|
/rɪˈmaɪndə(r)/ |
| replacement | The machinery needed urgent replacement. | /rɪˈpleɪsmənt/ |
| restoration | The restoration of democracy took decades. | /ˌrestəˈreɪʃn/ |
| revival | The movement experienced a revival following the crisis. | /rɪˈvaɪvl/ |
| rotation | The presidency operated on a rotation between ethnic groups. | /rəʊˈteɪʃn/ |
| sacrifice | The memorial honoured those who made the ultimate sacrifice.
Word Partners: make the ultimate sacrifice
|
/ˈsækrɪfaɪs/ |
| separation | The separation of powers is a key principle of democracy.
Word Partners: separation of powers
|
/ˌsepəˈreɪʃn/ |
| slash | The company announced a slash in production costs. | /slæʃ/ |
| spark | The incident sparked widespread controversy.
Word Partners: spark interest/controversy
|
/spɑːk/ |
| storage | The facility provided secure storage for sensitive materials. | /ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/ |
| strain | The conflict put a strain on diplomatic relations.
Word Partners: put a strain on, under strain
|
/streɪn/ |
| submission | The deadline for submission passed. | /səbˈmɪʃn/ |
| substitution | The substitution of cheaper materials reduced quality. | /ˌsʌbstɪˈtjuːʃn/ |
| succession | The line of succession to the throne was disputed. | /səkˈseʃn/ |
| surge | There was a sudden surge of interest. | /sɜːdʒ/ |
| tide | The tide of opinion turned against them.
Word Partners: the tide of opinion/history
|
/taɪd/ |
| transformation | The experience caused a profound transformation. | /ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn/ |
| transit | Goods were damaged in transit.
Word Partners: in transit
|
/ˈtrænzɪt/ |
| transmission | The transmission of knowledge occurred gradually. | /trænzˈmɪʃn/ |
| trigger | Stress can be a trigger for many illnesses. | /ˈtrɪɡə(r)/ |
| turnout | Voter turnout was disappointingly low. | /ˈtɜːnaʊt/ |
Endings, Removal & Prevention
| Word | Example Sentence | IPA (UK) |
|---|---|---|
| absence | In the absence of clear guidelines, there was confusion.
Word Partners: in the absence of
|
/ˈæbsəns/ |
| breakdown | A communication breakdown created serious problems.
Word Partners: communication breakdown
|
/ˈbreɪkdaʊn/ |
| burial | The state funeral included a military burial with full honours.
Word Partners: military burial, proper burial
|
/ˈberiəl/ |
| closure | The apology provided emotional closure for the victims.
Word Partners: emotional closure
|
/ˈkləʊʒə(r)/ |
| denial | The government issued a flat denial of the accusations.
Word Partners: flat denial, official denial
|
/dɪˈnaɪəl/ |
| dismissal | The minister's dismissal followed allegations of misconduct. | /dɪsˈmɪsl/ |
| disposal | The safe disposal of chemical weapons required international supervision.
Word Partners: safe disposal
|
/dɪˈspəʊzl/ |
| exclusion | The report highlighted the problem of social exclusion.
Word Partners: social exclusion
|
/ɪkˈskluːʒn/ |
| prevention | Prevention was more effective than cure. | /prɪˈvenʃn/ |
| refusal | The dictator's outright refusal to negotiate prolonged the conflict.
Word Partners: outright refusal
|
/rɪˈfjuːzl/ |
| rejection | The government's outright rejection of peace talks disappointed mediators.
Word Partners: outright rejection
|
/rɪˈdʒekʃn/ |
| removal | The removal of barriers facilitated progress. | /rɪˈmuːvl/ |
| resignation | The minister's resignation followed the scandal. | /ˌrezɪɡˈneɪʃn/ |
| suspension | The suspension of civil liberties alarmed human rights groups. | /səˈspenʃn/ |
| withdrawal | The withdrawal of support proved damaging. | /wɪðˈdrɔːəl/ |
