C1 English Nouns: Business, Media & Science
This section of the word bank covers advanced vocabulary for professional and academic fields. It includes lists for Business, Finance & Economics with terms like merger and privatisation, nouns for Media, Arts & Communication such as memoir and transcript, and vocabulary for Science, Technology & Research including synthesis and innovation.
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Business, Finance & Economics
| Word | Example Sentence | IPA (UK) |
|---|---|---|
| acquisition | The company announced the acquisition of a rival firm. | /ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn/ |
| allocation | The allocation became a contentious political issue. | /ˌæləˈkeɪʃn/ |
| allowance | Employees received a monthly allowance. | /əˈlaʊəns/ |
| auction | The painting sold for a record sum at auction. | /ˈɔːkʃn/ |
| audit | The annual audit revealed significant discrepancies. | /ˈɔːdɪt/ |
| bankruptcy | The retailer filed for bankruptcy after years of losses.
Word Partners: file for bankruptcy
|
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi/ |
| benchmark | The treaty established a benchmark for international cooperation. | /ˈbentʃmɑːk/ |
| bonus | Staff earned bonuses this quarter. | /ˈbəʊnəs/ |
| boom | The technology sector experienced an unprecedented boom. | /buːm/ |
| burden | The tax burden fell disproportionately on the working class.
Word Partners: tax burden
|
/ˈbɜːdn/ |
| capitalism | The economist analysed the relationship between democracy and capitalism. | /ˈkæpɪtəlɪzəm/ |
| cargo | The ship's cargo included valuable electronics. | /ˈkɑːɡəʊ/ |
| commerce | International commerce expanded rapidly. | /ˈkɒmɜːs/ |
| commodity | Oil became a strategic commodity in international relations. | /kəˈmɒdəti/ |
| compensation | Workers sought compensation for industrial injuries. | /ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn/ |
| default | The government risked default on its sovereign debt. | /dɪˈfɔːlt/ |
| deficit | The organisation faced a substantial budget deficit.
Word Partners: budget deficit, trade deficit
|
/ˈdefɪsɪt/ |
| earnings | The company reported record earnings for the fiscal year. | /ˈɜːnɪŋz/ |
| endorsement | The proposal gained widespread endorsement. | /ɪnˈdɔːsmənt/ |
| enterprise | The enterprise employed over 10,000 staff globally. | /ˈentəpraɪz/ |
| expenditure | Capital expenditure exceeded the approved budget.
Word Partners: capital expenditure
|
/ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/ |
| franchise | The reform extended the franchise to previously disenfranchised groups. | /ˈfræntʃaɪz/ |
| fundraising | The charity launched an ambitious fundraising initiative. | /ˈfʌndreɪzɪŋ/ |
| gambling | The government imposed strict regulations on gambling establishments. | /ˈɡæmblɪŋ/ |
| inventory | Warehouse staff conducted a complete inventory check. | /ˈɪnvəntri/ |
| listing | The company sought a stock market listing. | /ˈlɪstɪŋ/ |
| marketplace | The marketplace became increasingly competitive. | /ˈmɑːkɪtpleɪs/ |
| merger | The merger created the industry's largest operator. | /ˈmɜːdʒə(r)/ |
| mining | Data mining revealed useful patterns.
Word Partners: data mining
|
/ˈmaɪnɪŋ/ |
| monopoly | The state maintained a monopoly on force and authority. | /məˈnɒpəli/ |
| offering | The initial public offering attracted substantial investment. | /ˈɒfərɪŋ/ |
| portfolio | Investors diversified their portfolios to reduce risk. | /pɔːtˈfəʊliəʊ/ |
| premium | The service commanded a premium price. | /ˈpriːmiəm/ |
| privatisation | The privatisation of state assets proved controversial. | /ˌpraɪvətaɪˈzeɪʃn/ |
| proceeds | The proceeds from the sale funded expansion. | /ˈprəʊsiːdz/ |
| productivity | New technology boosted productivity by 30%.
Word Partners: increase productivity
|
/ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/ |
| prosperity | Economic prosperity benefited shareholders considerably. | /prɒˈsperəti/ |
| quota | The fishing quota limited the annual catch. | /ˈkwəʊtə/ |
| rental | Equipment rental provided a steady revenue stream. | /ˈrentl/ |
| shipping | International shipping costs affected profit margins. | /ˈʃɪpɪŋ/ |
| stake | The venture capital firm acquired a controlling stake.
Word Partners: controlling stake, majority/minority stake
|
/steɪk/ |
| stimulus | The research provided a stimulus for debate. | /ˈstɪmjələs/ |
| subscription | The company switched to a subscription model for its software.
Word Partners: subscription model
|
/səbˈskrɪpʃn/ |
| subsidy | The government withdrew subsidies for state enterprises. | /ˈsʌbsədi/ |
| surplus | The budget surplus allowed for increased spending. | /ˈsɜːpləs/ |
| tenure | The judge's tenure lasted twenty years. | /ˈtenjə(r)/ |
| toll | The war took a terrible toll on the civilian population.
Word Partners: take a toll
|
/təʊl/ |
| transaction | Online transactions required secure encryption. | /trænˈzækʃn/ |
| tuition | University tuition fees increased annually.
Word Partners: tuition fees
|
/tjuˈɪʃn/ |
| turnover | Staff turnover increased due to poor conditions.
Word Partners: staff turnover
|
/ˈtɜːnəʊvə(r)/ |
| venture | The diplomatic venture ultimately failed. | /ˈventʃə(r)/ |
Media, Arts & Communication
| Word | Example Sentence | IPA (UK) |
|---|---|---|
| archive | The archive contained rare historical documents. | /ˈɑːkaɪv/ |
| biography | The biography revealed previously unknown details. | /baɪˈɒɡrəfi/ |
| catalogue | The spring catalogue featured over 500 products. | /ˈkætəlɒɡ/ |
| choir | The choir practised weekly. | /ˈkwaɪə(r)/ |
| commentary | The live commentary enhanced viewer engagement.
Word Partners: live commentary, running commentary
|
/ˈkɒməntri/ |
| composition | The composition won critical acclaim. | /ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃn/ |
| correspondence | The private correspondence shed light on their relationship. | /ˌkɒrəˈspɒndəns/ |
| craft | She honed her craft through years of practice. | /krɑːft/ |
| critique | The academic critique challenged conventional thinking. | /krɪˈtiːk/ |
| discourse | Political discourse became increasingly polarised. | /ˈdɪskɔːs/ |
| documentation | Thorough documentation proved essential for the investigation. | /ˌdɒkjumenˈteɪʃn/ |
| footage | The archive footage captured historic moments.
Word Partners: archive footage, news footage
|
/ˈfʊtɪdʒ/ |
| imagery | The poet's vivid imagery evoked powerful emotions. | /ˈɪmɪdʒəri/ |
| irony | The irony of the situation was not lost on her. | /ˈaɪrəni/ |
| manuscript | The manuscript was donated to the library. | /ˈmænjuskrɪpt/ |
| melody | The melody remained in listeners' minds. | /ˈmelədi/ |
| memo | The memo outlined the new procedures. | /ˈmeməʊ/ |
| memoir | Her memoir became an international bestseller. | /ˈmemwɑː(r)/ |
| newsletter | The newsletter kept subscribers informed. | /ˈnjuːzletə(r)/ |
| propaganda | The state broadcast propaganda portraying the war as defensive. | /ˌprɒpəˈɡændə/ |
| rhetoric | The politician's rhetoric failed to convince voters. | /ˈretərɪk/ |
| rumour | An unfounded rumour spread rapidly.
Word Partners: spread a rumour
|
/ˈruːmə(r)/ |
| sketch | The comedy sketch satirised current events.
Word Partners: comedy sketch
|
/sketʃ/ |
| spectacle | The production was a spectacle. | /ˈspektəkl/ |
| spotlight | The issue moved into the spotlight after the report was published.
Word Partners: in the spotlight
|
/ˈspɒtlaɪt/ |
| thesis | She's writing her thesis.
Word Partners: write a thesis
|
/ˈθiːsɪs/ |
| transcript | The transcript was published online. | /ˈtrænskrɪpt/ |
| verse | She recited the opening verse from memory. | /vɜːs/ |
Science, Technology & Research
| Word | Example Sentence | IPA (UK) |
|---|---|---|
| acid | The chemical reaction produced a strong acid. | /ˈæsɪd/ |
| backup | The IT department maintained secure data backups.
Word Partners: data backup
|
/ˈbækʌp/ |
| breakthrough | The discovery represented a major scientific breakthrough.
Word Partners: major/scientific breakthrough
|
/ˈbreɪkθruː/ |
| broadband | High-speed broadband enabled streaming services.
Word Partners: high-speed broadband
|
/ˈbrɔːdbænd/ |
| browser | The web browser displayed the page incorrectly. | /ˈbraʊzə(r)/ |
| buffer | The buffer zone prevented direct contact between opposing forces. | /ˈbʌfə(r)/ |
| calculation | The calculation required advanced mathematics. | /ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn/ |
| configuration | The network configuration optimised performance.
Word Partners: network configuration
|
/kənˌfɪɡəˈreɪʃn/ |
| correlation | Researchers found a strong correlation between the two variables. | /ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃn/ |
| density | The density of the population created challenges. | /ˈdensəti/ |
| directory | The directory listed contact details for all staff members. | /dəˈrektəri/ |
| equation | Trust was a crucial part of the equation. | /ɪˈkweɪʒn/ |
| formula | The scientist developed a new formula for the compound. | /ˈfɔːmjələ/ |
| gravity | The gravity of the situation became clear. | /ˈɡrævəti/ |
| hardware | The hardware failed to meet specifications. | /ˈhɑːdweə(r)/ |
| hydrogen | Hydrogen atoms bonded to form molecules. | /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/ |
| hypothesis | The researchers will now test this hypothesis in a controlled experiment.
Word Partners: test a hypothesis, support a hypothesis
|
/haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/ |
| interface | The user interface required significant improvement. | /ˈɪntəfeɪs/ |
| module | Each course module covered specific topics. | /ˈmɒdjuːl/ |
| momentum | The campaign gained momentum rapidly.
Word Partners: gain momentum, lose momentum
|
/məˈmentəm/ |
| parameter | The study established clear parameters for the investigation. | /pəˈræmɪtə(r)/ |
| processor | The computer's processor handled complex calculations efficiently. | /ˈprəʊsesə(r)/ |
| ratio | The ratio of males to females was equal. | /ˈreɪʃiəʊ/ |
| ray | A single ray of light penetrated the darkness. | /reɪ/ |
| reproduction | Digital reproduction affected authenticity. | /ˌriːprəˈdʌkʃn/ |
| simulation | The computer simulation modelled various scenarios. | /ˌsɪmjuˈleɪʃn/ |
| specification | The design met every technical specification. | /ˌspesɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ |
| specimen | The laboratory examined the specimen carefully. | /ˈspesɪmən/ |
| spectrum | The channel covered the full spectrum of opinions.
Word Partners: full spectrum, broad spectrum
|
/ˈspektrəm/ |
| synthesis | The report provided a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence. | /ˈsɪnθəsɪs/ |
